Astri Taube was born in 1898 and grew up in Stockholm as the eldest child in a group of four siblings. Her father ran Herman Bergman Konstgjuteri with an exhibition hall. She therefore came into contact with many of the artists of the time at an early age, such as Carl Milles, Carl Eldh and Christian Eriksson. After the French School, she attended the Technical School, Sigrid Blomberg's sculpture school and Caleb Althin's and Carl Wilhelmson's painting schools. In 1920 she studied in Paris and then for four years at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm, where she had her godfather Carl Milles as a teacher, among others. While studying in Paris, she met Evert Taube and they married in 1925. After the wedding, the couple travelled to Italy where they worked and studied. They held several joint exhibitions, the first in 1925 at Galleri Gummeson in Stockholm. Early in her career, Astri Taube devoted herself to handicrafts and grave decorations, which were cast and sold through Herman Bergman Konstgjuteri. As a young woman, she decorated the Rio cinema on Hornsgatan in Stockholm (now the Folkoperan), which was inaugurated in 1928. For the ceiling, she modelled elegant dogs, birds, fish and flowers in white stucco

As her children were born, Astri Taube had to take on increasing responsibility for her family and home. However, she did a large number of commissioned works, especially portraits, which were crucial for the family's livelihood. She was also the one who raised the money to buy the plot of land where the family's summer residence Sjösala was later built, including by selling a fountain figure to Finland. Her own children often served as models for her sculptures and she portrayed her husband several times. The first time she sculpted his portrait was in 1920 in Rome and the last portrait, a commemorative plaque, was made in 1978.

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Astri Taube did not have her first solo exhibition until 1974, but in the years that followed and until her death she managed to have more than 25 exhibitions of her own. She also painted watercolors, often with motifs from Sjösala, Greece and Provence or inspired by her husband's ballads. Her graphic sheets were printed in Paris by Fernand Mourlot. But it is above all for her children's portraits that Astri Taube has gone down in history. One of them is at the Moderna Museet.

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Her other production includes a portrait of the actor Ulf Palme in the Swedish State Portrait Collection at Gripsholm and medals and plaques at the Myntkabinettet. The fountain figure Gosse with fish can be found outside Ulleråkers Hospital in Uppsala and in Falkenberg. Portraits of Evert Taube can be found at Liseberg in Gothenburg and on the Taube couple's grave monument at Maria Magdalena Cemetery in Stockholm. At Liseberg there is also her sculpture of four clowns, for which Charlie Rivel was the model. In Rottneros Sculpture Park there is one of her portraits of Selma Lagerlöf.

Many of Evert Taube's songs are written about or for her, including Nocturne and Så skimrande var aldrig havet. Her name is not used in the songs, but she is referred to as Miss Blåklint, Fragrancia and Linnea.

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In 2009, a square in Enskededalen in Stockholm was named after her.

In the autumn of 2011, the play Hovkonstgjutarens dotter about Astri Taube's life was performed at Kungsbacka Teater, Varbergs Teater and Halmstad Teater. Her son Sven-Bertil Taube and the Maia ensemble also participated. SVT's K-special broadcast a film about her in December 2015 entitled "Håll fast solen..." made by Rex Brådhe and Michaela Brådhe Hennig. The program was repeated in September 2016. Taube is represented at, among others, the National Museum in Stockholm and the Gothenburg University Library.